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M1 Carbine

Development history

Limit of U.S. weapons in the arsenal

During the 1920s, the U.S. Army had sought a handier semi-automatic rifle with a lighter caliber to replace the M1903 bolt-action rifle chambered for the same strong .30-06 Springfield standard round used in the BAR and the M1917/M1919 machine guns. U.S. Army Ordnance tested in competition semi-automatic rifles designed by John C. Garand, by John T. Thompson 'S Auto-Ordnance Corp. and by John D. Pedersen. After receiving designed Garand rifle and chambered for the .276 Pedersen cartridge, the decision was made to keep the 0.30-06 round to simplify logistics. Standardized in 1936, the M1 rifle from 0.30 to 06 is approximately one pound heavier than the M1903 it is replacing.

A U.S. Marine M1 carbine in Guam, 1944.

A Saginaw M1 carbine, made in Grand Rapids, Michigan, used by Marines Pacific Theater in World War II.

For many soldiers serving in specialist fast emerging modern U.S. Army just before World War II, full-sized rifle infantry weapon as an individual has proved unworkable. This includes an increasing proportion of troops service (truck drivers, supply personnel, radiomen, and linemen) as well as some specialist frontline troops may need a handier weapon (paratroopers, officers, forward observers, medics, engineers and mortar crews). Prewar and early exercises during the war field, it was noticed that the troops, when issued rifle, often found their individual weapons too stressful and difficult. In addition to impeding the soldier's mobility, a rifle slung often catch on the brush, blast helmets, or tilt it over the eye. Many The soldiers found the rifle slid off the shoulder unless slung diagonally across the back, which prevented the wearing of standard field pack and haversacks. Alternate weapons such as the M1911 and M1917 pistol revolver, while undeniably convenient, is often insufficiently accurate or powerful. The Thompson submachine gun is very effective at close-range combat but however heavy, limited the effective range (50-75 meters) and penetration, and significantly easier to carry or maintain than the service rifle.

U.S. Army Ordnance decided that a new weapon is needed for other functions but determined to be a weapon for non-combat troops should add no more £ 5 on their existing equipment load. The need for new weapons called for a defensive weapon with an effective range of 300 yards, much lighter and handier than the rifle, with greater range, firepower, and accuracy than the pistol, while weighing half as much as the submachine gun.

Designing the M1 Carbine

In 1938, the Chief of Infantry requested that the Ordnance Department develop a "light rifle or carbine, though the formal requirements for these types of weapons were not approved until 1940. This led to a competition in 1941 by major U.S. arms companies and designers. The model for the U.S. M1 carbine ay chambered for a new cartridge, the .30 Carbine, a smaller and lighter .30 caliber (7.62 mm) round very different from 0.30 – '06 In both design and performance. The .30 Carbine cartridge was intermediate in muzzle energy (ME) and muzzle velocity (MV). Essentially a rimless version of the obsolete .32 Winchester Self-Loading cartridge, the .30 carbine is a round-nose 110 gr (7.1 g) bullet. From the M1 Carbine's 18 in (460 mm) barrel, the .30 Carbine cartridge produced a muzzle speed of approximately 1970 ft / s (600 m / s).

Winchester initially did not submit a design, as it is busy developing Military ng M2 .30-06 Winchester rifle. The rifle as a design originated by Jonathan "Ed" Browning, brother of the famous weapons designer John Browning. A couple of months after Ed Browning's death in May 1939, Winchester hired ex-convict David M. "Carbine" Williams, a convicted murderer and former smuggler wine already begun work on a short-stroke gas piston design while serving a prison sentence. (This unlikely story is the loose basis of 1952 movie Carbine Williams starring James Stewart.) Winchester Williams hoped can be completed various designs left unfinished by Ed Browning. Williams insisted on the integrating its short-stroke piston in existing designs. After the Marine Corps semi-automatic rifle trials in 1940, Browning's rear-locking bolt design Tilting proved unreliable in sandy conditions. As a result, the rifle was redesigned to incorporate a Garand-style rotating bolt and operating rod. By May 1941, the M2 prototype rifle was shaved from about £ 9.5 (4.3 kg) in a mere 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg).

From prototype to completion

Winchester contact the Ordnance Department to examine their rifle design. Can not believe that design can be scaled down to a carbine which weighed 4.5 to 4.75 lb (2.02.2 kg). In response, Major Ren Studler asking a carbine prototype as soon as possible. The first model was developed in Winchester in 13 days by William C. Roemer, Fred Humeston Winchester and three other engineers under the supervision of Edwin Pugsley, essentially Williams' final version of the M2 .30-06 cartridge scaled down to 0.30 SL. Patchy This prototype was cobbled together using the trigger housing and lockwork a M1905 Winchester rifle and a modified Garand operating rod. The prototype was an instant hit with Army observers.

81 mm mortar crew in action at Camp Carson, Colorado, 24 April 1943. The soldiers left with an M1 carbine slung.

After the first test of the Army in August 1941, the Winchester design team set out to develop a more refined version. Williams participated in the completion of this prototype test. The second prototype competed successfully against other carbine candidates in September 1941, and Winchester was notified of their success the very next month. Standardization as the M1 Carbine was approved on 22 October 1941. Contrary to popular myth, Williams had little to do with the carbine's development, but its short-stroke gas piston design. As a matter of fact, Williams went about creating his own designs among other Winchester staff. last Carbine Williams' design was not ready for testing until December 1941, two months after the Winchester M1 Carbine had been adopted and classified. None of William's additional design features are incorporated into later M1 production. Ang supervisor for the project in Winchester carbine, Edwin Pugsley, conceded that Williams' final design is "an advance on the one that was accepted", but noted that Williams' decision to go it alone is a distinct drawback to the project. Further, a record in response to a possible lawsuit by Williams, in 1951 Winchester noted its patent for short-stroke piston is improperly granted as a previous patent that applies the same principles of operation are overlooked in the patent office.

Another stimulus to the rapid development carbine's a concern to Germany's use of glider-borne and paratroop forces infiltrate and attack strategic points behind the front lines, forcing support units and line-of-communication forces in battle enemy. Tankers, drivers, artillery crews, mortar crews and other personnel were also issued by the M1 carbine in lieu of the larger, heavier M1 rifle. Belatedly, a folding that stock version of the M1 Carbine was developed, after a request is made for a compact and light infantry arm for airborne troops. The first M1 carbines were delivered in mid- of 1942, with first priority given to troops in the European Theater of Operations.

Combat use

World War II

The M1 carbine in its reduced-power .30 cartridge was not originally intended to serve as a primary weapon for combat infantrymen, or is it comparable to more powerful assault rifles developed late in the war. Nevertheless, the carbine soon was widely issued to infantry officers, and the American paratroopers, NCOs, ammunition bearers, forward artillery observer, and other frontline troops. Its reputation in front-line combat is mixed. Some soldiers and Marines, especially who were unable to use a full-sized rifle as their primary weapon, preferred the carbine over Garand because of the small size and light weight weapons.

The carbine usually gained high praise from the airborne troops in the early stages of the war issued by the folding-stock M1A1, although negative reports began to surface in airborne operations in Sicily in 1943, and increased during the fall and winter of 1944.

On to the Pacific theater, soldiers and guerrilla forces operating in heavy forest with only occasional enemy contact generally praised for his carbine combination of light weight, short overall length, and accuracy in the near the range. The carbine's exclusive use of non-corrosive primered ammunition was found to be a godsend by troops and ordnance personnel serving the Pacific, where barrel corrosion was a significant issue with weapons like .30-06 M1 Garand rifle and the BAR, although not to the same extent in Europe, where some soldiers reported misfires attributed to the weaker noncorrosive primers. Other soldiers and Marines engaged in frequent firefights daily (especially those serving in the Philippines) found with weapons to have inadequate stopping power and penetration. Reports the carbine's failure to stop enemy soldiers, sometimes after many hits, appeared in individual after-action report, postwar evaluations, and services in the history of both the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. Aware of these shortcomings, the U.S. Army, Pacific Command staff cannon, rifle at the Aberdeen facility continues to work in the shortened version of the Garand throughout the war, though none were ever officially adopted.

Some troops also found .30 carbine cartridge capable of penetrating small trees and light cover, although it is obvious that more high in .45 caliber weapons like the Thompson and Reising submachineguns accuracy and penetration. Lt. Col. John George, a small arms expert and intelligence officer serving in Merrill's Marauders Burma to, reported that the .30 carbine bullet can easily penetrate the front and back of steel helmets, as well as body armor used by the Japanese forces time.

Variants

Initially, the M1 Carbine was intended to have a selective-fire capability, but the decision was made to put the M1 into production without this feature. Fully-automatic capability was incorporated into the design of the M2 (an improved, selective-fire version M1), introduced in 1944. Parts Kits T17 T18 and allowed the conversion in the field of semi-auto carbines M1 selective fire M2 configuration.

The M3 carbine (a selective-fire M2 M1 infrared night vision or sniperscope) was first used in combat by Army units during the invasion of Okinawa. For the first time, U.S. soldier is a weapon that allowed them to detect visually Japanese infiltrating the American lines at night, even during pitch blackness. A team of two or three soldiers were used to operate the weapons and provide support. At night, the scope is used to detect Japanese patrol and assault units moving forward. At that point, the operator will fire a burst of automatic fire of greenish images of enemy soldiers. The M3 to the M1 sight had an effective range of about 70 yards (limited by visual capabilities of the eye). Fog and rain further reduced the effective weapons range. It is estimated that fully 30% of Japanese casualties inflicted by rifle and carbine fire during the Okinawan campaign was caused by M3 and the M1 Carbine sniperscope.

Korean War

The M2 Carbine continued in use during the Korean War. The weapon featured a selective-fire switch allowing optional fully-automatic fire instead of a high rate (850-900 rpm) and a 30-round magazine. The M3 carbine with an improved M2 (later, M3) infrared sniperscope also returned to combat, and was used primarily during static stage of the conflict against infiltrators night. The M3 with the M3 improved night vision has had an effective range of approximately 125 yards.

In Korea, all versions of the carbine soon acquired a poor reputation for jamming in extreme cold weather, eventually traced to inadequate recoil impulse and weak return springs. A 1951 official U.S. Army evaluation scores of individual after-action report noted shortcomings combat cold-weather weapon's, and recorded complaints by troops for failure to stop heavily-clothed or gear-laden North Korean and Chinese soldiers at close range after multiple hits.

Vietnam

The M2 carbine was again issued to some U.S. troops in Vietnam, particularly reconnaissance units (LRRP) and advisors as a substitute standard weapon. The weapons began to be replaced with M14 in the early 1960s which was replaced with M16 in the late 1960s, and many M1, M2, and M3 Carbines ay given the South Vietnamese. A number were later captured in various points of conflict by the Vietcong, with at least one occasion removed the folding stock from the M1A1 Carbine and adapted it to another weapon.

Ang M1/M2 carbine and the M14 was finally replaced by the M16 in the mid-1960s. The M1/M2/M3 carbines are the most heavily produced family of U.S. military weapons for several decades, most of them being the M1 version.

Design and operation

A U.S. anti-tank crew in combat in the Netherlands, 4 November 1944. The soldiers on the far right is holding An M1 Carbine

The M1 carbine's bolt mechanism is similar to the M1 rifle, carbine though is a different system of gas and triggering mechanism design. The gas system is a system lightweight tappet-and-slide gas. Initially fed from a 15 round magazine, a 30 round magazine was introduced for the M2.

The very first carbines, those made before mid 1943, was originally equipped with a "V-cut" extractor for removal of the fired round from the chamber. The "V-cut" design is found to be flawed and unreliable. In the field of "V-cut" extractors ay reground to a straight configuration, enhanced efficiency, until Factory production is able to supply more efficient design.

The .30 Carbine cartridge was intermediate in both muzzle energy (ME) and muzzle velocity (MV). It is essentially a rimless version of the obsolete .32 Winchester Self-Loading cartridge. Ang .30 carbine is a round-nose 110 gr (7.1 g) bullet, in contrast to Spitzer bullet design found in most full-power rifle cartridges of the day. From the M1 Carbine's 18 in (460 mm) barrel, the .30 Carbine cartridge produced a tip of gun speed of approximately 1970 ft / s (600 m / s), a speed between that of contemporary submachine guns (approximately 900 to 1600 ft / s (300,500 m / s)) and full-power rifles and light machine guns (approximately 2,400 to 2,800 ft / s (700,900 m / s)). The maximum the M1 Carbine's effective combat range of 300 yards (270 m), the weapons with about the same energy as the pistol rounds like the 7mm Nambu do at the end of the gun. Bullet drop is significant past 200 yards (180 m).

One characteristic of .30 Carbine ammunition is that from the beginning of production, non-corrosive primers are defined. This is the first major use of this freshman at a military weapon. Since the rifle is a closed gas system, not normally disassembled, corrosive primers have led to a rapid deterioration of the system of gas. The use of non-kinakaing gradually primers was a novelty to service ammunition at this time. Some misfires were reported in the first part of many .30 carbine ammunition, attributed to moisture admission of non-corrosive primer compound.

Categorizing the M1 Carbine series has been the subject of much debate. The M1 is sufficiently accurate short ranges. At 100 yards (91 m), it can deliver a group of 3 to 5 minutes of angle, sufficient for its intended purpose as a close-range defensive weapons. Its muzzle energy and range are beyond those of any submachine gun of the season, though its bullet is much lighter in weight and smaller in diameter than that of the .45 caliber weapons, and much less powerful than those of other service rifles of the period. The later M1 and M2 carbines were never designed to be assault rifles, such as StG44 later German and Russian AK-47, and the .30 Carbine cartridge gives up significant muzzle velocity (around 350 ft / s (110 m / s)) in both. Moreover, the bullets used in cartridges of AK-47 and Spitzer design StG44 ay, and suffer less energy loss and trajectory drop at distances beyond 100 yards. Most authorities list of effective combat range of M1 carbine around 200 yards, compared to 250-300 yards (230,270 m) for the AK-47 and StG44.

Attachments

The United States Marine equipped with an M1 Carbine in the Battle of Iwo Jima, February 1945. An M8 grenade launcher can be seen that attached to the muzzle of the weapon

The M1 carbine was used in the M8 grenade launcher, which fired on the M6 to launch 22 mm cartridge rifles grenades. It also accepts the M4 bayonet, which is based on the M3 knife. The M4 bayonet formed the basis for later M6 and M7 bayonet-knife. The carbine was changed from to its original design to include a bayonet, because of requests from the field. Very few carbines with bayonet lugs reached the front lines before the end of World War II. changes are made mostly during arsenal rebuild carbines following World War II. By the time the Korean War began, the bayonet-equipped M1 ay standard issue. It is now rare to find a bayonet lug, not using the original M1 carbine. As carbines are reconditioned sa arsenals, parts like magazines catch, rear sight, barrel band with bayonet lug, and the stock was upgraded to the current standard issue parts, common parts of the redesign for the M2 carbine. EAD.

During World War II, the T23 flash hider was also formed, which can greatly reduce muzzle flash, it is built from an earlier model for the Garand.

Production and use foreign

A total of over 6,000,000 M1 carbines of various models were manufactured, making it the most produced small arms for the American military during World War II. Despite being designed by Winchester, the majority of them are made by other companies (see the list of military contractors below). The largest producer the Inland division of General Motors, but many others are made by contractors as diverse as IBM, the Underwood Typewriter Company, and the Rock-Ola jukebox company. Several contractors made all the parts for carbines bearing their name, doing some parts purchased from other major contractor or sub-contracted minor part of the arms companies such as marlin or Auto-cannon. Parts by all makers must be interchangeable. Irwin-Pedersen models were the fewest produced, in a little over 4,000. Many carbines been refurbished several arsenals after the war, with many parts interchanged from original carbines makers. True untouched war production carbines, therefore, is the most desirable for collectors.

Ang used SAS M1 & M1A1 carbines after 1943. The weapon was taken to use just because a decision was taken by Allied authorities to supply the .30 caliber weapons from U.S. stocks dropped on arms repository of resistance groups sponsored by an SOE, or later also the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), organizer, the question of the group so offered are operating in areas within the operational boundaries of U.S. forces committed to Operation lord. [Citation needed] They were found to be appropriate to the type of operation two British, two French and one Belgian Regiment carried out. It is easy enough to parachute in, and, in addition, can be easily stowed in a Jeep running. The weapons that continue to be utilized as late as the Malayan Emergency. Other specialist intelligence collection units, such as 30 Assault Unit sponsored by the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty, which operated in the same area of operation, also made use of this weapon. [Citation needed]

Small numbers of captured carbines are used by the German forces in World War II, especially after D-Day. The German designation for captured carbines ay Selbstladekarabiner 455 (a). The "(a)" is derived from the name of the country in Germany, in this case, America.

A rest was made shortly after WWII by the Japanese manufacturer Howa Machinery, under U.S. supervision. These are offered to all branches in Japan Self-Defense Forces, and large numbers of them found their way to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.

Several samples were obtained and used by the Israeli Palmach-based special forces in 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Because of their compact size and semi-auto capability, they are given to companies reconnaissance of Israel Defence Forces.

It is also used by police and border guard in Bavaria after WWII and the 1950s. Ang carbines ay they stamped by service branch with, for example, those used by the border guard ay stamped "Bundesgrenzschutz. Some of these weapons are modified with different sights, finishes, and sometimes new barrels.

After the Korean War, the carbine was widely exported to U.S. allies and client states (like South Korea, Taiwan and other European allies), and was used as a frontline weapon well during Vietnam. The M1 carbine was also issued in the Korean and Israeli military and police forces.

The M1A1 is also used by French paratroopers (such as the 1er RCP) during the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962.

The Police Field Force in the Royal Malaysian Police, along with other units of the British Army in the Malayan Emergency, was issued by M2 Carbine for both the forest patrol and defense outpost. The Royal Ulster Constabulary also used the M1 carbine.

Current military use

The Israeli police still uses the M1 Carbine as a standard long gun for non-combat elements and Mash'az volunteers. During the late 1990s, the police started to issue a Micro Galil variant called the Magal chambered sa .30 Carbine, but after extensive problems with various malfunctions, they withdrew the weapon from service in 2001.

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a police battalion named BOPE (Batalho de Operaes Policiais Especiais, or "Special Police Operations Battalion ") still uses the M1 Carbine.

The government of the Philippines are still issues M1 carbines sa Philippine infantrymen Army's 2nd Infantry [citation needed] Division assigned to the Central Island (some units are only issued M14 automatic rifles and M1 Carbines) and the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit or (CAFGU) and Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVOs) spread across the Philippine archipelago. Specific provincial police units of the Philippine National Police (PNP) uses government still issues M1 carbines as well as several operating units of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). In some provinces of the Philippines as of Cavite, Batangas and Pangasinan, M1 carbines are still highly valued by many folks not for nostalgic or historical reasons, but that the most preferred weapons for use in ambushcades When a blood feud is involved. Elements of the New People's Army and the Islamic separatist movement carbine value as a light weight and preferred weapon choice for mountain operations and spying operation. The M1 carbine in a way has become one of the most recognized firearm in the society, based in Marikina City, Philippines ARMSCOR still keep on doing Philippine made .30 caliber ammunition for the Philippine market.

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Allies of World War II (1940s)

Austria (1950s70s, Austrian Army and Police)

Bavaria (1945arly 1950, Border Guard)

Brazil (Present, BOPE)

Cambodia (19671975)

Ethiopia

France (1954-1962, Algerian War)

Germany (German Border Guard, several police forces and the German Army paratroopers (1950s-1960s)

Greece (Hellenic (Greek) Air Force until the mid-80s)

Israel (19451957, Israel Defence Forces; 1970sresent, Israel Police; 1974resent, Civil Guard)

Italy (Carabinieri, as of 1992)

Japan (National Police Reserve) (1950-1989)

Liberia

Mexico (police departments and security forces)

Netherlands (1940s-70s, Army and Police)

Norway (Norwegian Army from 1951 to 1970, with some Norwegian police unit until the 1990s)

Philippines (Post-WWII)

South Korea (1950-Present, Reserve Force)

Turkey (used by army South Korea)

Suriname (?-Present, Army)

South Vietnam (1960s70s)

Taiwan (Republic of China) (1950-present)

Thailand Locally known as the .87.

Vietnam (Capture of the batch)

United Kingdom

United States (1940s60s/70s, Armed Forces) and some law enforcement agencies (1940s-present)

Variants

M1A1 Carbine. Parasyutistang GI model with folding buttstock.

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A1

Folding stock, 15-round magazine

Paratrooper model

Produced about 150,000

Originally issued carbines M1A1 folding stock is made by the inland, a division of General Motors. Inland production of M1A1 carbines are interspersed within nation in the production of M1 carbines to standard stock. Stocks are often swapped out as carbines are refurbished arsenals. An original inland carbine with an original M1A1 stock is rare today.

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A2

Others proposed improved adjustable sight for windage and elevation

Made just for overstamped 'model (an arsenal-M1 Refurbished with new rear sight and Other improvements eventually M1)

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A3

Pantograph stock, 15-round magazine

Type standardized to replace the M1A1 but can not be issued.

Pantograph stock is more durable than the M1A1's folding stock and folded under flush with the front end.

Carbine, Cal .30, M2

Early 1945

Selective fire (capable of fully-automatic fire)

30-round magazine

Produced about 600,000

Initially, the M1 Carbine was intended to have a selective-fire capability, but the decision was made to put the M1 into production without this feature. Fully-automatic capabilities are incorporated into the design of the M2 (an improved, selective-fire version of the M1), introduced in 1944. The M2 is a modified stock wood and featured the late improvement in rear M1 vision, a bayonet lug, and other minor changes.

Although some carbines were marked with the factory as M2, the only significant difference between an M1 and M2 carbine is the fire control group. The military issued field conversion kits (T17 and T18) to replace an M1 in a M2. (Legal a marked M2 carbine is always a machinegun for the national firearms registry purposes.)

Other changes M2 is built for a 30 round magazine with the three gentlemen catch (as opposed to two of the fifteen round magazine), and a magazine retaining catch on a third surface. These M2 components including heavier stock M2 is standardized for arsenal rebuild M1 and M1A1 carbines.

(A revised round bolt replaced the original flat top bolt to save machining steps to manufacture. Many sources refer to properly bolt round as a 'M2 bolt' but It was developed as a standard part for new labor M1 and M2 carbines and later as a replacement part, with priority given to use the M1A1 and M2 carbines. The slightly more serious round bolt will moderate the cyclic rate of M2 in full automatic.)

Carbine, Cal. 30, M2A2

Arsenal-Refurbished (overstamped M2) model

Carbine, Cal .30, M3

M2 with mounting (T3 mount) for an early active (infrared) night vision sight.

About 3,000 made.

Three versions of night vision (M1, M2, M3)

Original USMC Korean War period Sniperscope M3

The M3 M2 carbine is a carbine fitted with a mount designed to accept an infrared night vision for use. It was initially used sniperscope M1, an active infrared vision, and saw action in 1945 with the Army during the invasion of Okinawa. Before the M3 and M1 Carbine sniperscope is classified, they were known as the T3 and T120, respectively. The system is continuously developed, and by that time the Korean War, the M3 carbine was used in the M3 sniperscope.

The M2 sniperscope night extended the effective range of the M3 carbine at 100 yards. In the later stages of the Korean War, an improved version of the M3 carbine, with a modified mount, a forward grip pistol, and a new M3 sniperscope design was used in the final stages of Korea and briefly in Vietnam. Sniperscope the M3 had a large active infrared cameras mounted on top of the range body itself, allowing the use of prone position. The revised M3/M3 had an effective range of around 125 yards. Eventually, the M3 carbine and its M3 sniperscope was superseded by the slight design night vision scopes with extended visible range, the improved scopes in turn requires the use of the rifle-caliber weapons with flatter trajectories and increased hit probability.

Military contractors

Inland Division, General Motors (production: 2,632,097), the sole producer of the M1A1 carbine. Receiver marked "Inland Div.

Winchester Repeating Arms (production: 828,059) Receiver marked "Winchester"

Irwin-Pedersen (Operated by Saginaw Steering Gear and production among the Saginaw total)

Saginaw Steering Gear Division General Motors (production: 517,213) receivers marked "SG Saginaw (370,490) and" Irwin-Pedersen (146,723)

Underwood Elliot Fisher (production: 545,616) Receiver marked "Underwood"

National Postal Meter (production: 413,017) Receiver marked "postal NATIONAL meter "

Quality Hardware Manufacturing Corp. (production: 359,666) Receiver marked "QUALITY HMC"

International Business Machines (production: 346,500) Receiver marked "IBM Corp."

Standard Products (production: 247,100) Receiver marked "STD. PRO."

Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation (production: 228,500) Receiver marked "Rock-Ola"

Commercial Controls Corporation (production: 239) Receiver marked "commercial control"

Commercial prints

Many companies manufactured copies of the M1 Carbine after World War II, vary in quality. Some companies used a combination of original and new commercial USGI parts, while others all weapons manufactured from new parts, which may or may not be the same quality as the original. The prints are marketed to the general public and police agencies but made for or used by the U.S. military.

An Auto-Ordnance AOM-130 Carbine manufactured in 2007.

In 1963, Melvin M. weapons designers Johnson introduced a version called the M1 Carbine "Spitfire" which fired a 5.7 mm (0.22) wildcat cartridge known as the 5.7 mm or 0.22 MMJ cranky. Johnson advertised the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas. While the concept had some military application when used for this paper the selective-fire M2 carbine, it was not pursued and some volatile carbines were made.

More recently, the Auto-cannon division of Kahr Arms began production of an M1 Carbine replica in 2005. The original Auto-cannon is made of various replacement parts for IBM during World War II, but do not manufacture complete carbines until the introduction of this replica. Ang AOM120 AOM110 and models (no longer made) featured birch stock and handguards, Parkerized receivers, flip-style rear sights and barrel bands without bayonet lugs. The current AOM130 and AOM140 models are identical except for American walnut stock and handguards.

An Israeli weapons company (Advanced Combat System) offers a modernized another bullpup called the Hezi SM-1. The company claims accuracy of 1.5 MOA at 100 yards (91 m).

Other commercial manufacturers have included:

Alpine

Auto-Ordnance (now a subsidiary of Kahr Arms)

Howa made carbines and parts for the post-WWII Japanese and Thai militaries, and limited a version number of hunting rifle

Erma Werke made carbines and parts for post-WWII West German military, and replica .22 carbines for export

Israel Arms International (IAI) of Houston Texas carbines assembled from parts from other sources

National Ordnance

Texas armament Co.

Plainfield Machine Co. (later purchased and operated by Iver Johnson)

Universal arms – Early Universal guns, like other manufacturers, assembled from USGI parts. However, beginning in 1968, the company began making "New Carbine", which resembled the M1 outside but was in fact a completely new weapon inside, using a different receiver, bolt carrier, bolt, recoil spring assembly, etc. with virtually no interchangeability with USGI carbines.

Universal was also later purchased by Iver Johnson.

The Iver Johnson company made carbines in the style of Plainfield Machine Co. and followed the lead of Universal making a pistol version called the "enforcer.

Hunting and civilian use

Patty Hearst holding an M1 carbine during his infamous bank robbery attempt.

A famous photograph of Malcolm X holding an M1 with two 30-round magazines "jungle-clipped" together.

The M1 carbine is still used today by many civilian shooters and police around the world. Ang .30 Carbine cartridge is used for a number of types of hunting, including white-tailed deer, but certainly underpowered for the larger North American game such as elk, moose, and bear. Some U.S. states prohibit the use of the cartridge for hunting deer and larger animals due to a lessened chance of killing an animal in a single shot, even with expanding bullets. The carbine hunting is prohibited for some states like Pennsylvania because of the semi-automatic function, and Illinois prohibits all non-muzzleloading rifles for big game hunting. Ang .30 carbine cartridge and the M1 carbine is suitable for both game targeted at the .32-20 Winchester and .32 Winchester Self-loading cartridges and weapons made hunting calibers.

The ease of use and great adaptability of these weapons led to it being used by Malcolm X (as a self defense tool) and Patty Hearst (as a weapon bank robbery). Both are featured in the famous news photo carrying the M1 carbine.

Related equipment and accessories

Bullet type

Main article: 0.30 Carbine

The weapons used by the military with the carbine will include:

Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Ball, M1

Cartridge, Grenade, Caliber .30, M6 (also for other authorized users of the blank firing, due to a lack of a dedicated blank cartridge)

Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Dummy, M13

Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Ball, Test, High Pressure, M18

Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, tracer, M16 (also rated as having a thermal effect)

Cartridge, Caliber 0.30, carbine, tracer, M27 (dimmer illumination and no thermal effect)

References

Notes

^ Julian S. Hatcher, Hatcher's Notebook, Military Service Publishing Co., 1947

^ Walter HB Smith, rifles, Military Service Publishing Co., 1948.

^ Larry Ruth, M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production, (The Gun Room Press, 1979, ISBN 088227-020-6) contains many documents related to ordnance details "Light Rifle" that led to the M1 Carbine

^ ABC Canfield, Bruce N., "Williams 'carbine': Myth & Reality", The American Rifleman, February 2009.

^ Bishop, Chris (1998), The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, New York: Orbis Publiishing Ltd., ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.

^ Sunday, John, World War II Small Arms, Orbis Publishing (1979), p. 130

Ab ^ George, John, Shots Fired In Anger, NRA Press (1981), p. 394

^ Rush, Robert S., GI: The U.S. infantryman in II World War II, Osprey Publishing Ltd. (2003), ISBN 1841767395, p. 33: Officers are issued .45 M1911 pistol as individual weapons until 1943, when they issued the M1 carbine in place of the pistol.

^ Rush, Robert S., GI: The U.S. infantryman in World War II, Osprey Publishing Ltd. (2003), ISBN 1841767395, pp 33-35: Officers and NCOs, as well as airborne and other elite troops are often allowed to replace the cannon with the staff for their individual weapon of choice.

^ Shore, C. (Capt.), With British snipers To The Reich, Lancer Militaria Press (1988), pp 191-195: Small-statured people like Capt. Shore and Sgt. Audie Murphy liked the carbine, as its small size stocks that fit them particularly well.

^ Gavin, James M. (Lt. Gen.), War and Peace Space Age, New York: Harper and Brothers (1958), pp 57, 63: Amour Col. Gavin's his M1A1 Carbine completed in Sicily, when his carbine and that of Maj.. Vandervoort jammed repeatedly. Rarely obvious suppressed carbine rifle fire from the German infantry fire, he and Vandervoort traded with wounded soldiers for their M1 rifles and ammunition, brought Gavin an M1 rifle for the rest of the war.

^ Burgett, Donald, Seven Roads To Hell, New York: Dell Publishing (1999), ISBN 0440236274 pp 153-154: Burgett, a machine-gunner in the 101 airborne from Normandy at the Battle of bulge, witnessed several failures of the 0.30 carbine to stop German soldiers after being hit.

Ab ^ Shore, C. (Capt.), With British Snipers To The Reich, Lancer Militaria Press (1988), pp 191-195

Ab ^ Dunlap, Roy, can not go up Front, Samworth Press (1948), p. 297

^ U.S. Army, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces: Body Armor, Technical Manual, 15 September 1944, CHAP. X, sec. 4 (b) http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-10.html

^ George, John, Shots Fired In Anger NRA Press (1981), p. 450

ABCD ^ Rush, Robert S., U.S. infantryman in World War II, Osprey Publishing (2002), ISBN 1841763306, 9781841763309, p.53

ABCD ^ M3 Infra Red Night Sight Article

^ Dill, James, Winter of Yalu, Changjin Journal 22/06/2000

^ Ab SLA Marshall, Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950-1951, 1 Report ORO-R-13 ng 27 October 1951, Project Doughboy [Restricted], Operations Research Office (ORO), U.S. Army (1951)

^ Diagram Group (1991), Weapons: an international encyclopedia from 5000 BC to 2000 AD, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-03950-6.

Ab ^ Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, 6th ed., DBI Books Inc. (1989), p. 52

^ Dunlap, Roy, Kanyon up Front, Samworth Press (1948), p. 293

^ "A Pocket History of the M1 Carbine" – Fulton armory

^ Donald M. Goldstein, Katherine V. Dillon and J. Michael Wenger, Nuts! The Battle of the bulge, Brassey's, 1994, ISBN-0-02-881069-4. Page 75, photo 4-69, captured German film shows German officials armed with an M1 Carbine in the Battle of bulge, December 1944.

^ Http: / / www.cameron-highland-destination.com/jungle-beat-roy-follows-fort-brooke.html

^ William, Jack Moran, Grace P. pioneer in Malaya in 1959 Davies, p. 239

^ Crawford, Oliver, The Door Marked Malaya, London: Rupert Hart-Davis (1958), p. 88

^ British Central Office of Information Services Information Survey of Current Affairs 1977 HM Stationary Office

^ Hogg, Ian (1989). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989-1990, 15 Edition. Information Jane's group. p. 216. ISBN 0710608896.

^ Jones, Richard (2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009-2010. Jane's Information Group. p. 898. ISBN 0710628692.

^ Larry Ruth, M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production, Gun Room Press, 1979, p.173.

^ Canfield, June 2007, p. 37

^ Rock-Ola M1 Carbine

^ The volatile fired a 40-grain (2.6 g) bullet at a muzzle speed of 2850 ft / s (870 m / s) for a muzzle energy of 720 foot-pounds force (980 J). Barnes, Frank C. Cartridges of the World (DBI, 1978), p.127.

^ Barnes, 1989 edition.

^ "Auto-Ordnance M1 Carbines" – Auto-Ordnance.com

^ "M1 Carbine" – American Rifleman

^ "ACS Hezi SM-1 "- SecurityArms.com

^ "HEZI SM-1 upgrade" – AdvancedCombat.com

^ "Universal Corporation weapons" – bavarianm1carbines.com

^ Pennsylvania Game Commission – State Wildlife Management Agency: Deer Hunting Laws and Regulations

^ Illinois: Digest of Hunting and trapping Regulations 2007-2008, "Statewide Deer Hunting Information," Illinois Department of Natural Resources, p. 11.

^ TM 9-1305-200/TO 11A13-1-101 Small Arms, ammunition, 1961, p. 39-41

Source

This section includes a list of references, relevant reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (April 2009)

Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, DBI Books Inc., 1975, 1978, 1989.

Canfield, Bruce N. (June 2007). A New Lease on Life: The Post-World War II M1 Carbine. American Rifleman.

Dunlap, Roy F. Front mount cannon. Ang Samworth Press, 1948.

George, John (Lt. Col.), Shots Fired In Anger, NRA Press, 1981.

Hufnagl, Wolfdieter. M1 USKarabiner Waffe und Zubehr, Motorbuchverlag, 1994.

IBM Archives

Korean Malfunctions during the cold war

Marshall, SLA, Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950-1951, 1st Report ORO-R-13, Project soldier Infantry, Report ORO-R-13, October 27, 1951 [Restricted], Operations Research Office (ORO), U.S. Army (1951)

Shore, C. (Capt), By British snipers To The Reich, Lancer Militaria Press (1988)

Government of the United States. Department of the Army and Air Force. TM 9-1305-200/TO 11A13-1-101-Small Arms ammunition. Washington, DC: Department of the Army and Air Force, 1961.

Standard Catalog of U.S. Army Ordnance Items. Second Edition 1944, Volume III, p. 419

Sunday, John, World War II Small Arms, London: Orbis Publishing Ltd. and New York: Galahad Books, ISBN 0883654032 (1979)

Worrell, Jessica (2003). "Scope of a rifle bullet." The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/JessicaWorrell.shtml.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: M1 Carbine

U.S. Army M1 Carbine Technical Manual

M1 carbine Article

M1 Carbine Family: M1, M1A1, M2, M3

Ang M1/M2 Carbine Magazine FAQ

Auto-Ordnance M1 Carbines

90 pages including Reference Manual FM 23-7 Carbine, 1942 manuals

Articles page including information on blank adapting the M1 carbine

M1 carbine modern firearms page

VDE

U.S. infantry weapons of World War II and Korea

Side arms

M1911/M1911A1 pistol M1917 revolver Smith & Wesson "Victory" revolver

Rifles and carbines

Springfield M1903 M1 Garand M1 Carbine M1941 Johnson Rifle BAR M1918

Submachine gun

M1928/M1/M1A1 Thompson ("Tommy Gun") M3 "Grease Gun" Reising M50/M55 United Defense M42

Grenades

Mk 2

Shotgun

Winchester Model 1897 Ithaca M37 Winchester Model 1912

Machine guns and larger

M1917 Browning M1919 Browning M1941 Johnson LMG Bazooka M2 Browning M2 Flamethrower

Cartridges

.45 ACP .38 Special .30-06 Springfield .30 Carbine .50 BMG

Category: 7.62 mm firearms | World War II American infantry weapons | World War II semi-automatic rifles | Cold War infantry weapons | Vietnam War weapons | Korean War infantry weapons | Curio and Relic firearmsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since November 2009 | Articles needing additional references from December 2009 | All articles need additional references | Articles lacking in quoting the text from April 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citation

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