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Inter-connectedness between Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, symptoms have separated, and heroin use
A study done in 2009 that explored the relationship between (Number of traumatic life events, levels of PTSD symptoms, and level of Dissociative symptoms) as they relate directly to the lives of heroin use in heroin abusers indicates that the author that there is the need for continued research and development in this highly specialized and complex field to offer the most effective treatment possible. It still appears that the addiction field as well as the mental health field do not work together to combine the same body of knowledge to create more extensive approaches to treatment. This author believes that the complexity of trauma treatment should only be done when there is adequate supervision, Staffing, and specially trained professionals specialty areas such as EMDR and Somatic Experiencing for the risk of re-traumatizing the individual by an appropriately trained professional or not selected client. The literature suggests that trauma treatment should only begin when the client has adequate internal coping resources. The client in general should be emotionally stable enough to process the material came out in the process of treatment. Since this kind of work or often has long-term in nature, rather than short-term sense (not a 30-day fix) which is how long many clients remain at the treatment centers may also be damaging in the long-run it is like opening a "Pandora's" and the box just before the client is ready to leave saying "oh, I'm sorry, I forgot to shut it." The positive thing from this study as The study also referred to below is that we're seeing that addictive disorders do not "stand alone" they are connected to a thing of the past that the client has not been able to do with termination.
Previous research done by the following researchers have noted a positive relationship between multiple traumas and both PTSD symptoms (Banyard et al, 2001;. Kubiak 2005; Perkonigg, Kessler, Storz, & Wittchen, 2000) and the degree of separation (Banyard et al., 2001). Current literature reflects that the level of clients report divides symptoms are in fact, significantly related to the life of heroin use, participating in a preliminary study reporting increased levels of separating symptoms being more likely to report having used heroin. The results are consonant with the DSM-IV-TR (Cone, 2000) standards to prevent / numbing symptom cluster to clients that the report "efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma" (p. 218). Isolation will give a person a way to avoid unpleasant thoughts and feelings associated with any trauma that he has experienced.
It should noted that 25% of participants in a study done in a Florida addiction treatment center admitted to having used heroin at some point in their lives. Important note that because the sample for the study consists of the entire client census attending day treatment is given to the survey, practitioners and administrators in making a substance abusing population should be aware that approximately 1 in 4 of their clients may have a lifetime history of heroin use. Heroin use area individuals at high risk for not only addiction but also for the many negative legal and health-related consequences (Hser et al, 2007;. Hser et al, 2001;. Kalyoncu et al, 2007;. Raj et al, 2007) .. Although clients may not be using heroin when they enter treatment, their use of these drugs in the past J ournal of A & O ffender ddictions C ounseling • April 2009 • Volume 29 indicate that they willing to engage in very risky behavior. This tendency toward dangerous behavior, in addition to maintaining their addiction and increasing the potential for poor health outcomes can affect the treatment outcome and relapse potential. Therefore, determining whether a client is used heroin at some point in his life will help the counselors formulate treatment plans and assignments that target not only heroin use but also the possible dangerous lifestyle that the client can prefer.
We moving forward with improving treatment options, presenting the need for treatment to the insurance company, our clients, and treatment centers need to be better prepared for having to justify the need for treatment based on more than "clinician's court" because they are training a 30-year period. Too often, especially in the field of addiction, those who rely on "past experience" or "what worked" in the past and when working in a trauma population, it is important to rely on analysis tools that are designed to provide a clear picture of where the client are compatible with specific trauma diagnostically before beginning treatment. The need for the use of the Dissociative Experiences Scale is made clear in light of the discovery of Juhnke, VACC, Curtis Coll, and Paredes (2003), relative to a survey of advisers substance abuse, who discovered that the frequency of use of analysis tools is very low. They showed that some of the most widely accepted assessment tool is rarely used by clinicians and hypothesized that substance abuse counselors may be more dependent on their ability to diagnose without tools in the analysis because "they believe they have enough clinical experience to make an accurate diagnosis without the use of standardized assessment instruments. However, such an emphasis on clinical assessment may not be reliable and based on intuition, rather than the data validated criterion (Juhnke et al., 2003, p. 69). The authors also indicated several other reasons for this apparent reluctance to use standardized assessment tools, including a lack of specific training in the analysis, a bias against diagnosing, and a preponderance of master's-level counselors in conducting assessments. Peters, Yocoubian, Baumler, Ross, and Johnson (2002) has suggested that clinicians need to be prepared to properly assess clients for certain drug use (eg, heroin) rather than for more generic substance use. Therefore, the current findings provide advisers with a first indication that the use of DES (a brief assessment tool that master's-level practitioners are qualified to use) may be a heroin-specific analysis tools target treatment toward addressing heroin use either or dangerous circumstances, especially to clients polyaddicted and treatment resistant.
The general indications about the population as it provides clinicians with some guidelines about how the link between Subclinical isolation and heroin use can affect treatment. Separation is often thought of as falling on a continuum that goes from common daydreaming and absorption, the more common reflection and hypnotic experience, even less common shamanic healing properties and religious experience, extremes of Dissociative disorders (Holmes et al, 2005;. Taboas & Martinez-Bernal, 2000). The results generally indicated that separation mean score for both heroin use and nonuse groups below the clinical level, however, the meaning is significantly higher for the group of heroin use than for the nonuse group. It is possible, therefore, that clients with a history of heroin use may be more likely to engage in isolation during treatment as a means of escape from suffering experienced during the process of treatment than their peers who did not use heroin. Thus, the practitioners should have knowledge of A & J ournal C O ffender ddictions ounseling • April 2009 • Volume 29 in 1991 the need for screening for disorders separating their clients who abuse substances, especially in individuals who use heroin, because that kind of disorder can affect clients' ability to complete treatment successfully. Moreover, they should keep their eyes open for signs of excessive daydreaming and absorption of their clients with a history of heroin use. The the lower level of separation indicate a tendency to wander away from psychologically therapeutic activities, thus placing the client at higher risk of leaving treatment against clinical advice or relapse.
The higher mean DES scores reported by participants who admitted lifetime heroin use may also be particularly important in light of Peters et al. 'S (2002) finding heroin is a "maintenance drug rather than a drug experimentation "(P. 58) Any use of drugs is, of course, potentially dangerous because it is so highly addictive (Epstein & Gfroerer, 1997;. Giannini, 1997; Inciardi & McElrath, 1998). Nevertheless, if the clients are used heroin intermittently Subclinical levels, it may be possible that they have done so as a way for coping with the underlying trauma (which never made the symptoms associated with elevated PTSD) when the memories associated with the trauma become overwhelming for some reason. The size of sample in the current study precluded asking participants about their level of heroin use over time. That is, we do not know what proportion of participants receiving lifetime heroin use was used in Subclinical abuse or dependency levels. Further research is needed to explore this issue in greater detail. In light of results presented in the current study, however, counselors working with clients reporting any heroin use should assess their level of usage over time to determine if the use relates to difficulties associated with trauma in some way. If not, the clients have not made an association between a experience (or repressed) that trauma can remain at high risk of relapse with inadequate therapeutic support. Information gathered from the analysis that can then used in treatment planning for a more targeted intervention.
In closing, a very significant and is another important clinical practice general implication is that counselors need a more useful way to integrate research and practice in a way that can easily be used by counselors substance abuse to provide the highest level of care for individuals who abuse heroin. The trend toward evidence-based practice and other training elements (Eg, analysis) to be informed by research findings are becoming increasingly important in mental health field (Rosen, 2003, Walker & Briggs, 2007). Campbell, Daood, Catlin, and Abelson (2005) discussed several factors that impede the integration of research and practice in substance abuse, as well as some remedies to overcome the barriers. One treatment in particular has been suggested is to increase communication between researchers and practitioners. One way to do This is to partner academic researchers with substance abuse clinicians in the field in a treatment center in a collaborative effort. Further practice-based research individuals who use heroin are clearly needed to address 92 J ournal of A & O ffender ddictions C ounseling • April 2009 • Volume 29 gaps in the knowledge base about trauma, PTSD symptomatology, isolation, and heroin use.
About the Author
Social Service, Non-Profit, Crisis Intervention Professional Certified Mental Health Screener and Social Worker known for high level of effectiveness in crisis intervention, case management, and mental health counseling. Dedicated clinician with extensive experience providing quality assessments, care, counseling, and crisis response services to individuals from a wide range of backgrounds. In-depth familiarity with concurrent review guidelines, level of care determinations, and insurance pre-certifications. Skilled in developing and managing programs to help families and individuals in crisis, and experienced in making level-of-care determinations. Provide proactive strategies meeting the needs of at-risk or underserved populations and address various developmental, psychiatric, and substance abuse issues. Background includes providing 24×7 (rotating basis) counseling in mental health settings and a track record of building inter-agency partnerships to improve service offerings and client access to resources.
Knife review: Marttiini 350010 Full Tang: sturdy scandinavian
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